Analyzing and addressing false interactions during compiler optimization phase ordering

Compiler optimization phase ordering is a fundamental, pervasive and longstanding problem for optimizing compilers. This problem is caused by interacting optimization phases producing different codes when applied in different orders. Producing the best phase ordering code is very important in performance-oriented and cost-constrained domains, such as embedded systems. In this work we analyze the causes of the phase ordering problem in our compiler, VPO, and report our observations. We devise new techniques to eliminate, what we call, false phase interactions in our compiler. We find that reducing such false phase interactions significantly prunes the phase order search space. We also develop and study algorithms to find the best average performance that can be delivered by a single phase sequence over our benchmark set, and discuss the challenges in resolving this important problem. Our results show that there is no single sequence in VPO that can achieve the optimal phase ordering performance across all functions. Copyright c © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.